Conceptual Domainsâ€Definition and Examples

In studies of metaphor, a conceptual domain is the representation of any coherent segment of experience, such as love and journeys. A conceptual domain that is understood in terms of another is called a conceptual metaphor. In Cognitive English Grammar (2007),  Ã‚  G. Radden and R. Dirven describe a  conceptual domain as the general field to which a category or frame belongs in a given situation.  For example, a knife belongs  to the domain of eating when used for cutting bread on the breakfast table, but to the domain of fighting when used as a weapon. Examples and Observations In the cognitive linguistic view, a metaphor is defined as understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain. . . Examples of this include when we talk and think about life in terms of journeys, about arguments in terms of war, about love also in terms of journeys, about theories in terms of buildings, about ideas in terms of food, about social organizations in terms of plants, and many others. A convenient shorthand way of capturing this view of metaphor is the following:CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN (A) is CONCEPTUAL DOMAIN (B), which is what is called a conceptual metaphor. A conceptual metaphor consists of two conceptual domains, in which one domain is understood in terms of another. A conceptual domain is any coherent organization of experience. Thus, for example, we have coherently organized knowledge about journeys that we rely on in understanding life...The two domains that participate in conceptual metaphor have special names. The conceptual domain from which we draw metaphorical expressions to understand another conceptual domain is called source domain, while the conceptual domain that is understood this way is the target domain. Thus, life, arguments, love, theory, ideas, social organizations, and others are target domains, while journeys, war, buildings, food, plants, and others are source domains. The target is the domain that we try to understand through the use of the source domain.Zoltà ¡n Kà ¶vecses, Metaphor: A Practical Introduction, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2010According to the cognitive linguistic view, a metaphor is the understanding of one conceptual domain in terms of another conceptual domain. For instance, we talk and think about love in terms of food (I hunger for you); madness (Theyre crazy about one another); the lifecycle of plants (Their love is in full bloom); or a journey (Well just have to go our separate ways). . . . Conceptual metaphor is distinguished from metaphorical linguistic expressions: the latte r are words or other linguistic expressions that come from the terminology of the concept used to understand another. Therefore, all the examples in italics above are metaphorical linguistic expressions. The use of small capital letters indicates that the particular wording does not occur in language as such, but it underlies conceptually all the metaphorical expressions listed underneath it. For instance, the verb in I hunger for you is a metaphorical linguistic expression of the LOVE IS HUNGER conceptual metaphor.Rà ©ka Benczes, Creative Compounding in English: The Semantics of Metaphorical and Metonymical Noun-Noun Combinations. John Benjamins, 2006

Incorporating Technology Into Grade Level Performance...

In, an attempt to improve the integration of available technology, educators and policymakers are reevaluating ways to incorporate technology into the grade level performance standards without separating the two educational standards (Collins Halverson, 2009). Presently, students and teachers have the ability to transmit information through third and fourth generation technological resources; yet, few take advantage of the endless educational possibilities (Francis Mishra, 2008; Marino, Sameshima, Beecher, 2009; Koehler Mishra, 2006; Sharples, 2007; Su Luan Teo, 2009). According to Francis and Mishra (2008), classroom teachers will need to be knowledgeable of the security of information stored or transmitted through accessible†¦show more content†¦In spite of teachers’ negative attitudes towards changes and/ or technophobia, as the world changes, so must the classrooms, teachers, and delivery of knowledge to students (Hall, 2010; Su Luan Teo 2009; Ursavas Karal , 2009; Prensky, 2008). Not addressing teachers’ negative attitudes will invariably lead to continued challenges with incorporating classroom technology, especially with those teachers who focus lessons on memorization or note taking. Typically, in many American classrooms, teachers can be seen using the same traditional methodologies used a century or more ago with change-resistant teachers instructing students seated in straight rows within the classroom (Sharples, 2007; Overbay, Patterson, Grable, 2009; Su Luan Teo 2009). On the other hand, researchers suggested that teaching in that manner should also include active learning where students take part in the instructional process (Strasser, 2006; Ryu Parsons, 2009). Clearly, based on research there is an effectual demand for teachers to focus lessons on learning ways to learn or research, by using technology to promote active learning and build students’ technological skills (Ara, 2009; Prensky, 2008; Ryu Parson s, 2009). This research will add to the body of literature of prior theoretical studies of classroom technology usage and Technology attitude scale (TAS) through assessing teacher’s technology perspectives relationship between schools andShow MoreRelatedA Free And Appropriate Education Is The Right Of All Children901 Words   |  4 Pagescome into schools with different ability levels and make progress through the curriculum differently. School personnel must set goals standards and expectations for the performance of its students and provide multiple levels of support to be successful in attaining the common core standards as established by state and federal regulations. The task of school personnel and administrators is to create a curriculum with pre-determined competencies and standards in order to help students succeed. ThisRead MoreWeek 7 Weak Curriculum Vsinadequateinst1238 Words   |  5 Pagesthe decision-making process of what works best to achieve higher level le arning among students. 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According to Seattler (1990) integration of televisions into the classroom started in the 1950’s and has evolved to bigger and better things since then. When first introduced, televisions were given put in classrooms with the expectation that when turned on, teaching practices would be transformed and problems in instruction and studentRead MoreIntroduction. A Resounding â€Å"Thank You† Is Directed Toward1514 Words   |  7 PagesBehind† Act in 2002, which consists of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) Initiative. CCSS is set of quality academic standards in math and English for grade levels K-12 that outlines what a student should have learned at the successful completion of each grade. Ultimately, the CCSS levels the learning field for students across America, regardless of social class, race, or disability by requiring all students to meet the same standards of quality education. 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Equality Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children and...

Equality diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people: Alison Brooks Assessment of how own attitude values and behaviour could impact on work with young people and children. 2.3 All those working in the school have a legal duty to protect the rights of children and young people. It is important that you examine your own attitudes and values critically; to consider how these may impact on the way you work with children Rigid and divisive views from adults can be reflected in a child’s choice of language and expressed beliefs about groups in society. Children soak up all information given to them and to atmospheres and climates surrounding them. The school must make sure that the children are surrounded with†¦show more content†¦It is not enough to have policies in place which make statements about anti-discriminatory practice or just to pay lip service to it. Schools must demonstrate anti-discriminatory practice. This means making sure that all pupils are treated equally in a non-prejudiced way regardless of ability, race or gender. A child must never be made to feel less worthy because they are ‘different’ As a member of the school team, the TA must share responsibility to ensure that anti-discriminatory practice is promoted. The TA must also recognise when discrimination is happening and show that inclusive practice is supported through words and actions. 2.5 Discrimination can be challenged primarily using education and information. Most prejudice is formed from ignorance and fear, by providing positive information and taking away any mystery about a culture or disability the ignorance and fear can be dispelled. It is paramount to protect the child from any form of discrimination, and witnessing any display of discrimination cannot be ignored or the child will think that the way they have just been treated is normal? They may in some way feel inferior, and they may also feel let down that their rights were not protected. It is important to know the correct policy and procedure when faced with a case of discrimination. Introducing the children to a greater environment with more cultural diversity is one way of confronting and eradicatingShow MoreRelatedEquality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people837 Words   |  4 PagesLearning in Schools Unit 204 Equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people Name: Date: 7th February 2014 This assignment covers all outcomes for Unit 4 1.1 What are the laws and codes of practice that relate to the promotion of equality and the valuing of diversity? (Make a list). 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In this essay i will be discussing equality amongst children, inclusion, inclusiveness and diversity and how to put these things mentioned into practise when working with children and young people. 1, Understand the importance of promoting equality and diversity in work with children and young people. 1.1 Identify the current legislation and codes of practise relevant to the promotion of equality and valuingRead MoreTda 2.4 - Equality, Diversity Inclusion in Work with Children and Young People2579 Words   |  11 PagesTDA 2.4 - Equality, Inclusion amp; Diversity In Work With Children and Young People. | Kerri Cook | | Contents Section One: Page 4 Legislation, participation, equal access and valuing and promoting cultural diversity. 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Confessions By Augustine Of Hippo - 1839 Words

Confessions is an autobiography that Augustine of Hippo writes to depict his journey of finding the religious truth regarding the origin of evil. In his autobiography, Augustine argues that Christianity possesses the most compelling answer to the origin of evil, and shows that Christianity’s definition evil is the extent that a person has strayed away from God. He argues that human free will leads to sin when a person pursues worldly desires instead of dedicating their lives to God, which in turn causes them to be labelled as evil. The author successfully argues through a series of events that portray Augustine’s decisions to commit sins and follow his desires for worldly things that Christianity’s definition of evil is indeed connected to†¦show more content†¦This illustrates to the audience that evil is not any kind of physical manifestation like the Manicheans teach their followers, but rather that evil is only a label and something that does not exis t on the material plane. Using this line of reasoning, Augustine strengthens his argument that Christianity’s views are more valid and sensible by showing the audience that there is no evil to God and as such, his creations are not initially tainted by sins that lead them to be classified as â€Å"evil†. This connects to Christianity’s definition of evil which states that â€Å"evil was nothing but a privation of good† (Book 3:7) which means that evil is simply the absence of good and therefore, considered as a label of how a person strays away from God. The author uses an autobiography to create a literary version of himself to represent the choices that he made throughout his life and how all of these choices lead him to Christianity. During the story of Augustine’s life, he confesses both to God and to his audience that it is his own decisions that lead him to commit sin. He emphasizes the fact that free will enables people to turn away from God and live a sinful life devoted to worldly pleasures. â€Å"†¦free will is the cause of our doing evil†¦ I willed or was unwilling to do something, I was utterly certain that it was none but myself who willed or was unwilling—and immediately I realized that there

Changing Business Environment

Questions: 1.How would you describe Tesco's competitive environment in the uk? 2.Why do you think UK retailers were generally slow to venture abroad untill the 1990s? 3.How would you describe Tesco's competitive environment in its international markets? Answers: 1. Competitive environment of Tesco in UK market Tesco is the most popular supermarket in United Kingdom with greatest market share of almost 31% till June 2012. It is the market leader of the supermarkets as well as the UK grocery market. It can be said that after Walmart and Carrefour in terms of annual sales, Tesco ranks third in the global market of grocery and supermarkets. However, Tesco has been considered as one of the members of the Big Four. The four giant supermarkets of United Kingdom are Tesco, Sainsburys, Asda and Morrisons (Yoder, Visich Rustambekov, 2016). However, apart from the supermarkets, there are many popular departmental stores and convenient stores that are considered as direct competitors of Tesco in Unite Kingdom market. They are Asda, Lidl, Waitrose, Aldi, etc. In the competitive environment, it is seen that Asda has a market share of 17%, Sainsburys has a market share of 16.6% and Morrisons possess 11%. However, the cost leadership strategy of Tesco along with the quality of goods is the most important aspect of attracting more customers to the company. The natures of the consumers of United Kingdom are known to the company which is the reason of success of capturing the greatest market share in United Kingdom (Gollnhofer Turkina, 2015). 2. Growth of UK retailers until 1990 After getting a grip in the UK market, Tesco is trying to expand its branches outside the country. The company has adopted organic strategy as a growth strategy in the country as well as outside the country. It is seen that during 1990s the company has started its international expansion slowly initially in Ireland and other countries of continental Europe. It can be said that the case study illustrates the fact that in 1990s, Tescos international ventures was acquisition of a French retail brand in northern France known as Catteau (Dimitrova, Rosenbloom Andras, 2014). However, Tesco soon realize that there is a tough competition in the French market which is saturated in nature. The reason behind slow growth in the 1990s is the lack of research regarding the shopping behavior of the consumers as well as the growth of the competitors in the market. Apart from that, there are other European companies that are faced many complications while they have faced loss in the sales as well as capturing customers in the market. Companies like Marks and Spencer has created a loss in the market in terms of profitability. It is the reason also Tesco is taking decision of slow growth outside the UK market (Zhao, 2014). 3. Competitive environment of Tesco in international market Global supermarket retail industry is competitive in nature. It is seen that Walmart is the market leader of the supermarket industry in the world. However, Tesco ranks third in the world in the grocery retail sector. Competitive environment in international markets like in Western Europe and United States is very high. The shopping habits of the buyers are different from that of other countries. Apart from that, the shoppers usually shops from domestic supermarket retail chains rather than international supermarket brands in terms of grocery and daily use items (Yoder, Visich Rustambekov, 2016). On the contrary, the market in Central Europe and Asia are quite growing and the people are ready to buy products from the international brands. Tesco has its business operations in many countries of Asia and Central Europe that are responsible for providing business to the company. The case study portrays that Tesco is making losses in the branches of United States; hence they are on the v erge of closing their US operations. The saturation of the Asian market is less than that US market and Western Europe market (Eckman et al., 2015). References Dimitrova, B. V., Rosenbloom, B., Andras, T. L. (2014). Does the degree of retailer international involvement affect retailer performance?.The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research,24(3), 243-277. Eckman, M., Sakarya, S., Hyllegard, K., Borja, M. A. G., Descals, A. M. (2015). Consumer receptiveness to international retail expansion: a cross-cultural study of perceptions of social and economic influence of foreign retailers.The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research,25(3), 260-275. Gollnhofer, J. F., Turkina, E. (2015). Cultural distance and entry modes: implications for global expansion strategy.Cross Cultural Management,22(1), 21-41. Yoder, S., Visich, J. K., Rustambekov, E. (2016). Lessons learned from international expansion failures and successes.Business Horizons,59(2), 233-243. Zhao, S. (2014). Analyzing and Evaluating Critically Tescos Current Operations Management.Journal of Management and Sustainability,4(4), 184. Changing Business Environment Question: Disucss about the Changing Business Environment. Answer: Introduction: International trade has become an essential component of any business organization that wants to a substantial growth in the age of globalization. It can simply explain as the increase of rate and expansion of the interdependence of economic and business activities across national boundaries (Wood Wilberger, 2015). Whereas, International Business can be expire as the business activities and transactions of resources, products, services, skills and knowledge without affected by physical boundaries. For the customers, globalization or internationalization of business means, more product options to choose from with varied quality and pricing as well as an increasing hazy identity and source of the products or service. With the expansion of international business, it increased the dependency of economic and business behavior across physical boundaries. International business organizations gain competitive advantage, as well the reason for, the rising interdependence among economies and forming one global economy. One of the common limitations against International Trade and globalization is it deprives countries of their autonomy and sovereignty. In this essay, the author is analyzing the impact of cultural difference have when a business organization considers penetrating a new international market. Based on the analysis the study tries to explain the cultural factors, which act as a barrier for new business expansions on foreign markets. Culture as a barrier in international business ventures: In the age of technologically innovated world environment, the business environment is changing in a successive manner, and the effect cannot ignore. Therefore, to recognize and manipulate consumers' want and desires, international business organizations should be aware of the different cultures. The term culture can briefly explain as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another (Moran et al., 2014). The business organizations, operating in more than one culturally different market often face problems regarding attitude, beliefs, and values of the society or communities. As a result, the international business organizations should learn the strategic rules of the game and make an implementation to mimic the societal values and beliefs to gain the confidence and acceptance by showing respect to the concerned society or nation. Any other way, the business organization will face challenges and subsequent financia l loss. Each society and communities have own set of cultural values and beliefs. These fundamentals of culture are established along linguistic (verbal and nonverbal), belief, principles and attitude, behavior and traditions and knowledge. Adoption of the mentioned attributes depends on the level of market penetration by the business organization. The most important factor is cultural analysis, which assists the markets to plan strategically for market penetration. For instance, China is a nation state with enormous trade opportunities for foreign business organizations, but performing trade in China has a significant cultural challenge. A vibrant cultural melting pot attracts many individuals to experience the heart of its energetic environment. The factors that are important for foreign expansion by business organizations are, on the magnitude of the domestic market, the production facility and ability, and the availability of resources on the foreign market. The motive here is business organizations can position on an internationalization level ranging from the domestic market to globalization. Thus, business functions commonly improve when individuals from different cultural background identify new approach to general problems, creating solutions by involving cultural aspects and skills to view issues from different angles. Often the problem of "Ethnocentrism" occurs, i.e. when an individual feels culturally superior to others. The situation creates chaos and misunderstanding within the organization. Linguistic Barrier and communication: According to scholars, language becomes one of the major barriers when it comes to negotiating among the foreign trade partners and customers. Though is not possible to be multi-linguistic in all the time, but studies show that there is a strategic market plan to succeed in communication in the linguistic diverse market. When interacting with group from different cultures, communicating in a neutral pitch and making a alert attempt to be considerate of others' input, even if it is given in an approach to which many business organizations are not habituated, but is can help promote effective business communication (Ferraro Brody, 2015). International Business Communication is build up when the management understands the areas of commonality. The problem arises when an international business hires talents from different background and country, the diverse workforce fails to communicate and understand others. A language failure among cultures usually comes as 1) inappropriate translati ons; 2) cultural diversity between speakers of the similar language. Environment and Technology: The world economy is expanding in the age of innovative technology, which helps business organizations to conduct business overseas. However, business organizations may face some adversities in conducting overseas business. Technology helps business organizations easily connect with the stakeholders and distributors easily, but few rules and protocols should maintain. For instance, Spanish business organizations have longer lunch breaks than British or Americans have, so it is favorable to connect any Spanish businessperson during lunch hours. Also, if a business organization plans to launch technologically improved gadgets or appliances where people are less used to or not accustomed with updated technology and culturally more traditional; the product will not gain popularity in the particular market. Target Audience: When a business organization, plans to expand in the foreign market for the new business opportunity, it is advisable to conduct a proper analysis of the target audience in the selected market. The factors like, gender preferences, beliefs and attitude, ideologies, traditions and level of conservatism changes and vary in large amount from society to society and country to country. Therefore, if a particular product, service, or promoting a campaign hurts sentiments of a community or the target audience can create difficulty for the brand image of the product or service. Being conscious of cultural norms can also help your company narrow down the target audience (Pieterse, 2015).For instance, McDonalds has launched vegetable products in India like McAloo, VegPizzaMcPuff, McAloo Wrap with Chipotle Sauce, MCVeggiee, McSpicy Paneer, etc. primarily targeting the larger vegetarian customers residing in India. Thus, McDonalds' penetrated the large customer base in India and gained popularit y especially among the younger generation and urban areas modifying their product according to local customs and beliefs. Customs: A business organization, which functions in different diversely cultured countries, it is important to maintain all the cultural norms and ethics to avoid any chaos or misunderstanding in business process, which includes the fundamental traditions, mannerisms, and gestures of a cultural group. A business practice in one country may represent unethical or absurd in another. For instance, conducting informal business meetings in Australia is quite natural and often conducted in large corporate organizations, whereas in the USA business, meetings are always formal and taken attendees should be formally dressed and formal in conversations. Therefore, an American businessperson may find it shocking when interacting with Australian counterparts for the first time. Concept of power: Different societies have different viewpoint towards power and authority, which affects the interaction in the business situation notably since it forms the outlook of how communication will received, based on the relative position of the communicator the recipient. To be precise, conceptions of power manipulate the forms that decision-making and other business communications occur in a business organization. In functioning with cultures in countries like Israel and Sweden, which have a comparatively decentralized power idea, one may expect better recognition of a participative communication management model than in business cultures such as France and Belgium where participative management models are less utilized and relying as an alternative on authority-based decision making(Moran et al., 2014). Cultural Influence on Customers Behavior: Figure: Cultural Influence on Customers Behavior Source: Created by Author. In the above figure, the author has presented the cultural influence on Customers Buying behavior in a typical country. Culture in each society considered by three elements: cultural forces, cultural communication, and customer decision practice. The national identity, Educational knowledge and family background visibly influence cultural factors. Ethics and principles, behavior and roles and plan manipulate cultural messages. Culture also influenced from universal requirements and desires of the society and consumer trends. The culture differs by the change in nations. The international business organization should analyze and manage the cultural diversity and connect the stress to bring harmony in the process of business. Combination and synthesis of the cultural diversity the international business organization can incorporate diverse cultural perspectives and look for vibrant results the upcoming challenges. Strategically decisions to manage cultural diversity in international business: Despite many limitations and adversities, Globalization of business can bring sustainable growth to any business organization if the cultural diversities managed carefully. Abilities and skills in successfully manage cultural diversity are a necessary among business leaders in the age of globalization. Cultivating cultural difference in a business organization is the crucial step towards the sustainable business development. Managing diversity is a skill and ability, which takes long practice by a leader to excel in it. The initial is by understanding and knowing the cultural pattern of the domestic market. By accepting how individual and social values shape attitudes, perception and behavior, it is easier to expand to manage differences. The motive is not to evaluate but through dialogue and communication to generate better options for wider societal benefits. The suggested steps to manage diversity in new market expansion are: Critically analyzing the social and cultural norms in the newly selected market Appointing representatives from the diverse social background in the workforce so that decision and market actions taken according to the selected society or community. This way a business organization can avoid hurting or engaging communal sentiments. The management should take initiative to form a dedicated team to handle social diversification issues and challenges within the organization. Promoting different social functions and gatherings to increase familiarity and acceptance among increasing brand awareness. Conclusion: Disregarding diversity issues include revenue, time, capital, and incompetence. Successful managing of the cross-cultural edge is a vital source of a business organization's competitive advantage. Management and leaders should develop not only empathy and patience toward cultural diversity but also obtain an adequate amount of accurate information about the beliefs and values of selected market. In the above study, the author has studied why business organizations face cultural differences when expanding globally and the different aspects and factors that can come up as a challenge in the process of internationalization. It is vital to recognize how the cultural diversity influences performance, enthusiasm, achievement, and communications with others. As internationalization of business organizations is quickly reshaping, so it is important for business leaders to manage the diversity and differences to bring effective performance. Reference: Hirst, P., Thompson, G., Bromley, S. (2015).Globalization in question. John Wiley Sons. Beck, U. (2015).What is globalization. John Wiley Sons. Hitt, M., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. (2012).Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Pieterse, J. N. (2015).Globalization and culture: Global mlange. Rowman Littlefield. Shao, K., Maher, P. (2013). Pedagogy Through IT Globalization: The Effects of Changing Business Dynamics on Academia.Global Learn. Retrieved in March, 915-921. Yeung, H., Olds, K. (Eds.). (2016).The globalisation of Chinese business firms. Springer. Wood, V. R., Wilberger, J. S. (2015). Globalization, Cultural Diversity and Organizational Commitment: Theoretical Underpinnings.World,6(2). Wild, J., Wild, K. L., Han, J. C. (2014).International business. Pearson Education Limited. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014).International business. Pearson Australia. Frazier, C. B., Ludwig, T. D., Whitaker, B., Roberts, D. S. (2013). A hierarchical factor analysis of a safety culture survey.Journal of safety research,45, 15-28. Moran, R. T., Abramson, N. R., Moran, S. V. (2014).Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Forsgren, M., Johanson, J. (2014).Managing networks in international business. Routledge. Peterson, M. F., Arregle, J. L., Martin, X. (2012). Multilevel models in international business research.Journal of International Business Studies,43(5), 451-457. Ferraro, G., Brody, E. K. (2015).Cultural Dimension of Global Business. Routledge.

Fact or fiction Essay Example For Students

Fact or fiction Essay The second incident I have chosen is Billys talk on kes. This comes before the P. E scene in the book but after in the film. I have chosen this incident as its about the only time when you hear Billy talking for a long period. It shows the encouragement and attention Billy gets from Mr Farthing and other pupils who actually take interest in Billy and what he has to say. The book starts off with Mr Farthing talking about fact and fiction, he then asks Billy for a fact about himself. At first Billy claims I dont know any sir. This shows Billy lacks confidence in school because he tries to take the easy way out. Mr Farthing eventually gets him talking by asking lots of questions. Billys answers to the questions gradually got longer. This shows that if Billy is paid a bit of attention and given a chance he can be quite interesting and confident. This scene in the film starts with the camera focusing on Billy Mcdowel and another pupil coming into the lesson late after being caned. You can hear Mr Farthings voice talking about fact or fiction. The camera cuts to a medium shot of Billys head and shows hes not listening. Mr Farthing tells him off and unlike Sugden simply reprimands Billy while making him stand. The shot draws your attention to Billy and makes you feel sorry for him as once again hes being put down. The camera is focused on Casper as Mr Farthing asks Billy questions, this created tension as you waited for him to answer. The tension felt does not come over in the book. The camera then moves around the class and shows the pupils faces looking totally board. I think this shot was important because it creates pity as only Mr Farthing is listening to Billy and no one seems to show any interest in him unless hes getting into trouble of yelled at. The film shows that as more questions are asked, Billy answers freely with detail and begins using technical words such as Jesses and Mr Farthing gets him to the front of the class and asks him to spell the word on the blackboard. He encourages Billy by calling him an expert. The camera cuts back to the pupils, who now look interested. This is not apparent in the book but is important, as its one of the only times where Billy is shown a genuine interest. When Billy finishes talking he receives a round of applause. The book says Billy blushed. This makes you feel very happy and sorry, as he was embarrassed because hes never been shown that much attention. The third and final incident I have chosen is when Billy goes to see the youth employment officer. It starts off with Billy sitting in a waiting room on his own, a mother and her son enter but dont make much conversation with Billy. The youth employment officer is not expecting Billy but another lad as Billy s appointment was scheduled for an earlier time but he never turned up. When Billy is asked about the future he claims he doesnt know what to do and that he has no real interest or hobbies. Billy doesnt seem interested and is eager to get out. I have chosen this incident as it shows how the education system has let Billy down. He is not offered any form of support or encouragement from anyone, and sympathy is created knowing that Billy has no hope in the future. In the book there are people already sitting in the waiting room when Billy goes in, but the film starts off with a central shot of Billy alone in a dim room. The film worked best as it creates sympathy by making Billy look small, frail and isolated and the dark colours created a depressing mood. After seeing the employment officer the camera focuses on Billy walking along a dark and lonely corridor, it almost looks as if hes swallowed as the shot gets smaller and smaller. You hear Billy getting yelled at which creates shock and makes you feel sorry for him. This scene was not apparent in the book. .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762 , .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762 .postImageUrl , .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762 , .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762:hover , .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762:visited , .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762:active { border:0!important; } .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762:active , .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762 .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3328a8182bc5d16d6bdcc5e58cbd0762:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The meaning of the story EssayThe book gives lots of short sentences of speech between Billy and the employment officer, whos expecting Walker and not Billy and then goes on to explain that Billy is late which makes you feel sorry for him because it seems he cant do anything right. Throughout this scene in the film alternate over shoulder shorts of each character are used showing one looking at the other. The employment officer seems to do most of the talking and struggles to get anything out of Billy, it shows that Billy is not the cleverest of people, and sympathy is created as you feel that Billys been let down by everyone constantly. In both book and film when the employment officer suggests going down the pit Billys his immediate reaction is Im not gin down t pit Billy stands up and asks the employment officer if he can go? The camera focuses on the employment officer showing the reaction of disgust on his face. Whats the matter with you lad? Sit down, I havent finished yet and expressed the feeling of Billy shutting himself off as the employment officers words went over his head. I think both book and film portrayed its characters well and created lots of sympathy for Billy in different ways, the detailed descriptions help you to build images and absorb its contents more so than watching a film scene for a few seconds and missing important details. For example reading the part about Furs Hill allows you to compare Billys poor living conditions and things seem worse than the film portrayed. The film was easy to understand and changed some of the images already built when reading the book. I found that the added scene of Sugden doing a warm-up very funny, it enhanced his character by showing just how full of himself him he really was. The camera work in the film revealed the facial expressions of the characters and brought out the emotions felt whilst reading the book perfectly. For instance when kes dies you can see the sadness on Billys face this makes you feel engulfed with sorrow and extremely sympathetic towards him creating a real lump in the throat moment. The novel has been adapted wonderfully using different techniques in different ways allowing both book lover and film buff to converse.