Indian Sale of Goods Act 1930 Essay

It is a Mercantile Law. The Sale of Goods Act is a kind of Indian Contract Act. It came into existence on 1 July 1930. It is a contract whereby the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in the goods to the buyer for prize. A contract of sale of goods is a contract whereby the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer for a price. There may be a contract of sale between one part-owner and another. Definition 1. Buyer A person who buys or agrees to buy goods. 2. Seller A person who sells or agrees to sell goods. 3. Goods Every kind of movable property other than actionable things and money. Sale of Goods Act is one of very old mercantile law. Sale of Goods is one of the special types of Contract. Initially, this was part of Indian Contract Act itself in chapter VII (sections 76 to 123). Later these sections in Contract Act were deleted, and separate Sale of Goods Act was passed in 1930. The Sale of Goods Act is complimentary to Contract Act. Basic provisions of Contract Act apply to contract of Sale of Goods also. Basic requirements of contract i.e. offer and acceptance, legally enforceable agreement, mutual consent, parties competent to contract, free consent, lawful object, consideration etc. apply to contract of Sale of Goods also. Contract of Sale – A contract of sale of goods is a contract whereby the seller transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer for a price. There may be a contract of sale between one part-owner and another. [section 4(1)]. A contract of sale may be absolute or conditional. [section 4(2)]. The law relating to sale of goods is contained in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930. It has to be read as part of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 [Sections 2(5) and (3)]. Contract of Sale of Goods According to Section 4, a contract of sale of goods is a contract whereby the seller: (i) transfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods (ii) to the buyer, (iii) for a money consideration called the price. It shows that the expression â€Å"contract of sale† includes both a sale where the seller transfers the ownership of the goods to the buyer, and an agreement to sell where the ownership of goods is to be transferred at a future time or subject to some conditions to be fulfilled later on. The following are thus the essentials of a contract of sale of goods: (i) Bilateral contract: It is a bilateral contract because the property in good has to pass from one party to another. A person cannot buy the goods himself. (ii) Transfer of property: The object of a contract of sale must be the transfer of property (meaning ownership) in goods from one person to another. (iii) Goods: The subject matter must be some goods. (iv) Price or money consideration: The goods must be sold for some price, where the goods are exchanged for goods it is barter, not sale. (v) All essential elements of a valid contract must be present in a contract of sale. features The Act deals with provisions related to the contract of sale of goods The Act deals with provisions of ‘sale’ but not of ‘mortgage’ or ‘pledge’ which come under the purview of Transfer of Property Act, 1882. The Act deals with ‘goods’ but not of all movable goods (ex: actionable claims, money etc.) MEANING OF SALES AND GOODS SALE:- the exchange of a commodity for money; the action of selling something. In general, a transaction between two parties where the buyer receives goods (tangible or intangible), services and/or assets in exchange for money. 2) An agreement between a buyer and seller on the price of a security. The activity or business of selling products or services GOODS:- a good is a product that can be used to satisfy some desire or need. , a good is a material that satisfies human wants and provides utility, for example, to a consumer making a purchase. Condition and warranty.— (1) A stipulation in a contract of sale with reference to goods which are the subject thereof may be a condition or a warranty. (2) A condition is a stipulation essential to the main purpose of the contract, the breach of which gives rise to a right to treat the contract as repudiated. (3) A warranty is a stipulation collateral to the main purpose of the contract, the breach of which gives rise to a claim for damages but not to a right to reject the goods and treat the contract as repudiated. (4) Whether a stipulation in a contract of sale is a condition or a warranty depends in each case on the construction of the contract. A stipulation may be a condition, though called a warranty in the contract. Unpaid seller† defined.— (1) The seller of goods is deemed to be an â€Å"unpaid seller† within the meaning of this Act— (a) when the whole of the price has not been paid or tendered; (b) when a bill of exchange or other negotiable instrument has been received as conditional payment, and the condition on which it was received has not been fulfilled by reason of the dishonour of the instrument or otherwise. (2) In this Chapter, the term â€Å"seller† includes any person who is in the position of a seller, as, for instance, an agent of the seller to whom the bill of lading has been endorsed, or a consignor or agent who has himself paid, or is directly responsible for, the price. Unpaid seller’s rights.— (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act and of any law for the time being in force, notwithstanding that the property in the goods may have passed to the buyer, the unpaid seller of goods, as such, has by implication of law— (a) a lien on the goods for the price while he is in possession of them; (b) in case of the insolvency of the buyer a right of stopping the goods in transit after he has parted with the possession of them; (c) a right of re-sale as limited by this Act. (2) Where the property in goods has not passed to the buyer, the unpaid seller has, in addition to his other remedies, a right of withholding delivery similar to and co-extensive with his rights of lien and stoppage in transit where the property has passed to the buyer. Negotiable Instruments :- The word â€Å"Negotiable† means transferable by delivery and the word instruments means written documents. It entitles a person to a certain sum of money. In simple words we can say it is a written document which is transferable from one person to another by delivery. According to contract act it is defined as , â€Å"A negotiable instrument means a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque payable by order or bearer.† Example :- Cheques, Bill of Exchange and Promissory Notes are the important examples of negotiable instruments. Characteristics Of Negotiable Instruments :- Following are the important characteristics of negotiable instruments : 1. In Writing :- It is the basic condition of the negotiable instrument that it is always in writing. It can not be verbal. 2. Unconditional :- It is an unconditional instrument if any condition is attached then it can not be called negotiable instrument. 3. Transferable :- It can easily transferable from one person to another. In these instruments right of ownership passes either by delivery or by endorsement. 4. Payable On Demand :- The amount of the instrument is payable on demand or at any predetermination  future time. 5. Payable In Money :- The amount must be written on the instrument and it is always payable in terms of money. 6. Payable To The Bearer :- The amount written on it is payable to the bearer or to a specified person. 7. Payment of Debt :- It can be very easily used for the payment of debt. It is very simple and convenient method of payment. 8. Right of Recovery :- A cheque or Note gives the right to the creditor to recover the written amount from the debtor. He can recover this amount by himself or he can transfer this right to another. 9. Better Title :- If there is a defect in the title of the previous holder it does not affect the holder in due course. So it is abetter little than others. 10. Exception of General Law :- In case of transfer of property the general concept of law is that â€Å"No body can transfer a better title than that of his own.† But in case of instrument this law does not apply. A negotiable instrument even got in good faith from thief is better title. 11. Specified Amount :- It is also a characteristic of negotiable instrument that specified and definite amount is written on the instrument. â€Å"Holder†.—The â€Å"holder† of a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque means any person entitled in his own name to the possession thereof and to receive  or recover the amount due thereon from the parties thereto. Where the note, bill or cheque is lost or destroyed, its holder is the person so entitled at the time of such loss or destruction. â€Å"Holder in due course†.—â€Å"Holder in due course† means any person who for consideration became the possessor of a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque if payable to bearer, or the payee or indorsee thereof, if 1[payable to order], before the amount mentioned in it became payable, and without having sufficient cause to believe that any defect existed in the title of the person from whom he derived his title. . Negotiation by endorsement Subject to the provisions of section 58, a promissory note, bill of exchange or cheque 18[payable to order], is negotiable by the holder by endorsement and delivery thereof. Crossing of cheques A crossed cheque is a cheque that has been marked to specify an instruction about the way it is to be redeemed. A common instruction is to specify that it must be deposited directly into an account with a bank and not immediately cashed by a bank over the counter. What is Crossing of Cheque ? A cheque is a negotiable instrument. During the process of circulation, a cheque may be lost, stolen or the signature of payee may be done by some other person for endorsing it. Under these circumstances the cheque may go into wrong hands.Crossing is a popular device for protecting the drawer and payee of a cheque. Both bearer and order cheques can be crossed. Crossing prevents fraud and wrong payments. Crossing of a cheque means â€Å"Drawing Two Parallel Lines† across the face of the cheque. Thus, crossing is necessary in order to have safety. Crossed cheques must de presented through the bank only because they are not paid at the counter. DISHONOUR OF A CHEQUE:- a cheque which the bank will not pay because there is not enough money in the account to pay it Companies Act 1956 The Companies Act 1956 is an Act of the Parliament of India, enacted in 1956, which enabled companies to be formed by registration, and set out the responsibilities of companies, their directors and secretaries.[1] The Companies Act 1956 is administered by the Government of India through the Ministry of Corporate Affairs and the Offices of Registrar of Companies, Official Liquidators, Public Trustee, Company Law Board, Director of Inspection, etc. The Registrar of Companies (ROC) handles incorporation of new companies and the administration of running companies. Companies Act In India, the Companies Act, 1956, is the most important piece of legislation that empowers the Central Government to regulate the formation, financing, functioning and winding up of companies. The Act contains the mechanism regarding organisational, financial, managerial and all the relevant aspects of a company. It empowers the Central Government to inspect the books of accounts of a company, to direct special audit, to order investigation into the affairs of a company and to launch prosecution for violation of the Act. These inspections are designed to find out whether the companies conduct their affairs in accordance with the provisions of the Act, whether any unfair practices prejudicial to the public interest are being resorted to by any company or a group of companies and to examine whether there is any mismanagement which may adversely affect any interest of the shareholders, creditors, employees and others. Following are the main characteristics of a company 1. Legal Entity A company is an artificial person created by law. So, it has a separate legal entity from its members. It can hold and deal with any type of property of which it is owner in any way like, can enter into contracts, open bank account in its own name, sue and be sued in its name and capacity. 2. Perpetual Succession Joint stock company is a corporate body. It acquires a separate legal personality difference from its member with a common seal. It does not depend upon the existence of its members. It means company is not at all affected by the death, lunacy or bankruptcy of its members or shareholders.  The shareholders may come or go but the company goes on forever. Only law can terminate its existence. 3. Limited Liability The liabilities of shareholders of the company is limited up to their capital investment only. The liability of the shareholders in the public limited company is limited to the extent of the amount of share, they have subscribed. The shareholders are not liable for the payment of excess claim of the creditors even if capital of the company becomes insufficient. 4. Common Seal However, a company being artificial person, it can not sign on documents like natural person. Therefore, a common seal is used as a substitute of signature. The common seal affixed on all documents of the company. 5. Transferability Of Share Capital The shares of a company are freely transferable from one person to another person except in case of private companies. 6. Separation Of Ownership And Management Every member or shareholder, who is real owner of the company can not take active part in day-to-day management of the company. It is managed and controlled by a board of directors. 7. Maintenance Of Books Of Accounts A company has to keep and maintain a prescribed set of accounting books and any failure in this regard attracts penalties. 8. Audit Of Account And Publication Of Financial Statements It is compulsory for each and every company to get its accounts to be audited. A joint stock company has to publish its financial statement at the end of every fiscal year. Types Of Companies There are different types of company, which can be classified on the basis of formation, liability, ownership, domicile and control. 1. Types Of Companies On The Basis Of Formation Or Incorporation a. Chartered Companies Companies which are incorporated under special charter or proclamation issued by the head of state, are known as chartered companies. The Bank Of England, The East India Company, Chartered Bank etc. are the examples of chartered companies. b. Statutory Companies Companies which are formed or incorporated by a special act of parliament, are known as statutory companies. The activities of such companies are governed by their respective acts and are not required to have any Memorandum or Articles Of Association. c. Registered Companies Registered companies are those companies which are formed by registration under the Company Act. Registered companies may be divided into two categories. * Private Company A company is said to be a private company which by its Memorandum of Association restricts the right of its members to transfer shares, limits the number of its members and does not invite the public to subscribe its shares or debentures. * Public Company A company, which is not private, is known as public company. It needs minimum seven persons for its registration and maximum to the limit of its registered capital. There is no restriction on issue or transfer of its shares and this type of company can invite the public to purchase its shares and debentures. 2. Types Of Companies On The Basis Of Liability Registered companies are divided into two types, namely, companies having limited liability and companies having unlimited liability. a. Companies Having Limited Liability This liability can be limited in two ways: * Liability Limited By Shares These are those companies in which the capital is divided into shares and liability of members (share holders) is limited to the extent of face value of shares held by them. This is the most popular class of company. * Liability Limited By Guarantee These are such companies where shareholders promise to pay a fixed amount to meet the liabilities of the company in the case of liquidation. b. Companies Having Unlimited Liability A company not having any limit on the liability of its members as in the case of a partnership or sole trading concern is an unlimited company. If such a company goes into liquidation, the members can be called upon to pay an unlimited amount even from their private properties to meet the claim of the creditors of the company. 3. Types Of Companies On The Basis Of Ownership a. Government Companies A government company is a company in which at least 51% of the paid up capital has been subscribed by the government. b. Non-government Companies If the government does not subscribe a minimum 51% of the paid up capital, the company will be a non-government company. 4. Types Of Companies On The Basis Of Domicile a. National Companies A company, which is registered in a country by restricting its area of operations within the national boundary of such country is known as a national company. b. Foreign Companies A foreign company is a company having business in a country, but not registered in that country. c. Multinational Companies Multinational companies have their presence and business in two or more countries. In other words, a company, which carries on business activities in more than one country, is known as multinational company. 5. Types Of Companies On The Basis Of Control a. Holding Companies A holding company is a company, which holds all, or majority of the share capital in one or more companies so as to have a controlling interest in such companies. b. Subsidiary Company A company, which operates its business under the control of another company (i.e holding company), is known as a subsidiary company. Memorandum of association The memorandum of association of company, often simply called the memorandum (and then often capitalised as an abbreviation for the official name, which is a proper noun and usually includes other words), is the document that governs the relationship between the company and the outside. It is one of the documents required to incorporate a company in the United Kingdom,[1] Ireland, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, and is also used in many of the common law jurisdictions of the Commonwealth. A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document prepared in the formation and registration process of a limited liability company to define its relationship with shareholders. The MOA is accessible to the public and describes the company’s name, physical address of registered office, names of shareholders and the distribution of shares. Articles of association In corporate governance, a company’s articles of association (called articles of incorporation in some jurisdictions) is a document which, along with the  memorandum of association (in cases where the memorandum exists) form the company’s constitution, defines the responsibilities of the directors, the kind of business to be undertaken, and the means by which the shareholders exert control over the board of directors. DEFINITION of ‘Articles Of Association’ A document that specifies the regulations for a company’s operations. The articles of association define the company’s purpose and lays out how tasks are to be accomplished within the organization, including the process for appointing directors and how financial records will be handled.

Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Social Care Essay

Task2: The main tissue types of the body and the role these play in two named organs of the body. P2: Outline the structure of the main tissues of the body There are many different types of cells in the human body. These cells would not be able to function on their own, they are all part of a large organism that is called – you. The two named organs that I have chosen for this assignment are the intestines and the heart. Tissues All cells group together within the body to form tissue, a collection of similar cells group together to perform a specialized function. There are four primary tissue types in the human body – epithelium, connective tissue, nervous and the muscle tissue. Epithelial tissue- This tissue is specialised to cover the whole part of the body lining of all of the internal and external body surfaces, they are packed tightly together to form continuous layers that serve as linings in different parts of the body. Epithelial tissue serves as membranes lining organs and helping to keep the body’s organs separate, in place and protected. Some examples of epithelial tissue are the outer layer of the skin, the inside of the mouth and stomach, and the tissue surrounding the body’s organs. These kinds of tissues can be divided into two groups depending on the number of layers that it has. An Epithelial tissue which is only one cell thick is known as Simple epithelia, if it consists of several layers then it is known as Compound Epithelia. Epithelial tissue In the Intestines- The apical surface of epithelial cells usually have tiny projections called microvilli. These function to increase the surface area. For example, microvilli on intestinal cells increase the surface area open for absorption. Absorption is an important function of epithelial tissue within the intestines. The surface of the small intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelium. This type of epithelium appears as a single layer of tall, column-shaped cells with oblong nuclei. The primary function of this type of epithelium is absorption of nutrients, secretion of digestive juices as well as secretion of mucus by goblet cells. The surface area of the small intestine is increased by outward finger-like extension sand inward indentations, as villi and crypts. Both of these structures are lined with simple columnar epithelium. In the heart- The epithelial tissue protects the heart from becoming damaged from the lobes that are in the heart against the lungs; it provides an extra barrier of protection from injuries. Epithelial tissues line all the ducts and glands within the heart and protect it with an exterior membrane. P2: Outline the structure of the main tissues of the body The Intestine P2: Outline the structure of the main tissues of the body The Heart Connective tissue- There are many types of connective tissue that are widely distributed throughout the body that lie beneath the epithelial tissue. This type of tissue does not contain many cells, as they are separated from each other by an intercellular ground substance, (matrix), they are hidden by the cells. It is made up of either liquid, solid, or connective tissue, within the matrix there are many types of connecting fibres, such as collagen and elastic fibres. The function of the connective tissue is to support, bind, cover, protect and give structure to the body. Most types of connective tissue contain fibrous strands of the protein collagen that add strength to connective tissue. Some examples of connective tissue include the inner layers of skin, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, areolar, adipose bone and fat tissue. In addition to these more recognizable forms of connective tissue, blood is also considered a form of connective tissue. Cartilage tissue is a smooth, firm substance that protects ends of the bones from friction during movement and they can be found at the end of our bones in mobile joints, the front ends of the ribs, also in parts of our nose and ears. Our bone tissues are made of a much harder substance than the cartilage, but they can be worn away by friction. They are tough on the outside, but on the inside they have a sponge-like design that helps to reduce the weight while retaining strength. They are designed to maintain the body’s structure and support the body’s movement and are used to protect weaker tissues, such as the brain,  lungs and heart. P2: Outline the structure of the main tissues of the body Blood is a specialized bodily fluid in human’s that delivers necessary substances such as, nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. Bones have a rigid structure that constitutes part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals. Bone tissue is a dense type of connective tissue. Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in many areas in the body including the joints between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the elbow, the knee, the ankle, the bronchial tubes and the intervertebral discs. It is not as hard and rigid as bone but is stiffer and less flexible than muscle. Areolar tissue is a common type of connective tissue, also referred to as ‘loose connective tissue’. It is strong enough to bind different tissue types together, yet soft enough to provide flexibility and cushioning. Adipose tissue (fatty tissue) it provides insulation and protection of organs, muscle fibres, nerves, and supports blood vessels. It protects us from excessive heat loss or heat increase and also acts as a shock absorber to protect against injury. In the intestine- The lumen is the cavity where digested food passes through and from where nutrients are absorbed. Both intestines share a general structure with the whole gut, and are composed of several layers. Going from inside the lumen radially outwards, one passes the mucosa (glandular epithelium and muscularis mucosa), submucosa, muscularis externa (made up of inner circular and outer longitudinal), and lastly serosa. Serosa is made up of loose connective tissue and coated in mucus to prevent friction damage from the intestine rubbing against other tissue. Holding all this in place are the mesenteries which suspend the intestine in the abdominal cavity and stop it being disturbed when a person is physically active. In the heart- Connective tissue provides the final pathway for diffusion of nutrients, oxygen, waste and metabolites to and from the cells of the body. All blood vessels are embedded in connective tissue. The only cells which receive their sustenance directly from the blood are the endothelial cells lining the vessels themselves. All of the other cells are supplied via diffusion through intermediary connective tissue. The transport functions of blood and connective tissue cannot be separated. The heart and circulatory system simply facilitate the movement of this travelling tissue. The valves in the heart are also made from connective tissues, they control the amount of blood that is passed through the heart and into the blood stream, and it also helps to reduce the flow back to the heart. Nervous tissue- The nervous tissue includes the brain, spinal cord and the nerves throughout the organism, it contains two types of cell they are the neurons and glial cells. Nerve tissue has the ability to generate and conduct electrical signals in the body. These electrical messages are managed by nerve tissue in the brain and transmitted down the spinal cord to the body. The nervous tissue, main function is to carry messages throughout the body, gathering and feeding back information via electronic impulses along specialised cells called neurons. It is like an information speedway, it directs the drive force of the nervous system by sending messages, to ensure that all of the systems are able to work together within the body, this is to maintain that the internal conditions are needed to enable the body to respond to motivation. In the heart- The nervous tissue in the heart controls the heart’s main functions. It is controlled by specialised nerves called nodes. A node is a specialised type of tissue that behaves as both muscle and nervous tissue. When nodal tissue contracts (like muscle tissue) it generates nerve impulses (like nervous tissue) that travel throughout the heart wall. The heart has two nodes that are instrumental in cardiac conduction, which is the electrical system that powers the cardiac cycle. These two nodes are the sinoatrial (SA) node and the atrio-ventricular (AV) node. The sinoatrial node, is also referred to as the pacemaker of the heart, it coordinates the heart contractions. It is located in the upper wall of the right atrium, it generates nerve impulses that travel throughout the heart wall causing both of the atria to contract. The atrio-ventricular node lies on the right side of the partition that divides the atria, near the bottom of the right atrium. When the impulses generated by the SA node reach the AV node, they are delayed for about a tenth of a second. This delay allows the atria to contract, thereby emptying blood into the ventricles. The AV node then sends the impulses down the atrio-ventricular bundle. This bundle of fibres branches off into two bundles and the impulses are carried down the centre of the heart to the left and right ventricles. Btec Level: 3 in Health and Social Care Nervous Tissue In the intestine In order to propel the food into the small intestine, a small electrical impulse is passed down the nerve into the lower part of the stomach to grind the food and it is expelled little by little. Then in order for digested food to pass through the intestine and the electrical impulses tract messages to the brain pass through the spinal cord to the nervous tissue within the intestines which then stimulates the muscle to contract causing the digested food to be passed down through to the rectum to the be excreted. Muscle tissue- Muscle tissue is a specialized tissue that is able to conduct electrical impulses and to contract. Muscle tissue contains the specialized proteins actin and myosin that slide past one another to allow movement. Examples of muscle tissue are contained in the muscles throughout your body. There are three types of muscles, they are known as: Striated (also called voluntary or skeletal muscle), produces movement and maintains posture, contract and relax, applies force to joints and bones, is under voluntary control. Non-striated (also called involuntary, plain or smooth), it protects, controls movement of substance along tubes, not under voluntary control, found in stomach, intestines, bladder, uterus and the eyes. The cardiac muscle (also called involuntary, has four chambers), can only be found in the heart, shares similarities to skeletal muscle, and cannot be controlled. Cardiac muscles are only found in theheart. They are self-contracting, autonomically regulated and continue to contract in rhythmic fashion for the whole life of the organism. Some of the cardiac muscle cells contract without any nervous stimulation. P2: Outline the structure of the main tissues of the body Muscle Tissue P2: Outline the structure of the main tissues of the body In the heart- The cardiac muscle has several different unique features. The muscle’s that are present in the cardiac are intercalated discs, which are connected between two adjacent cardiac cells. Intercalated discs help multiple cardiac muscle cells to contract rapidly as a unit. This is important for the heart to function properly. The cardiac muscle can also contract more powerfully when it is stretched slightly. When the ventricles are filled, they are stretched beyond their normal resting capacity. The result is a more powerful contraction, ensuring that the maximum amount of blood can be forced from the ventricles and into the arteries with each stroke. This is most noticeable during exercise, when the heart beats rapidly. This pumps blood around to all the cells in the body, to help to retrieve it and re-oxygenate it and pump it back around. In the intestine- The smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs like your intestines and stomach. The muscular walls of the intestines contract to push food through your body and help to break it up, this is an involuntary function. Resources Books Stretch B.and Whitehouse M., (2014), Health & Social Care, level 3, 1st edition. Edinburgh Gate, Harlow and Essex. College notes and hand-outs Ms Mansell,, Guernsey College FE, unpublished. Websites www.en.wikipedia.org www.technion.ac.il www.kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca www.uoguelph.ca

Behavioural yourself Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Behavioural yourself - Essay Example Economic institution is one of the most dominating one among all the social institutions, and is related to man’s career and financial stability, gains and achievements. It is financial institution that not only keeps man engaged and busy in something productive, but also earns pelf, prestige and popularity for him. But it is not so easy to win all these triumphs in life. An individual has to work hard with determination and concentration to achieve his goals in life. Both determination and concentration look for motivational effects in order to continue performing all the tasks during financial activities. Hence, motivation plays pivotal role in man’s life and career. Thus, it is the most important thing to find out what motivation is and how an individual attains it. Moreover, how its works in individuals’ career and whether the standard of obtaining motivation is one and the same in all individuals or it varies from person to person. The term motivation has been defined by different theorists differently. â€Å"Motivation is†, Kreitner views, â€Å"the psychological process that gives behaviour purpose and direction.† (1995). In other words, motivation is the main factor behind performing something purposeful towards some specific direction. â€Å"It is an inner drive†, Higgins states, â€Å"to satisfy an unsatisfied need.† (1994). Motivation is an urge that supports man during the course of fulfilment of some tasks individually and collectively. Motivational factors are extremely significant not only for the employees during their job in a corporate firm, so that they can be proved more and more productive for the organization and work place, but also it is important for the companies and organizations for the enhancement of their sales volume and creativity as well. It is the leadership of an organization that provides a staff-motivating atmosphere within an organizational structure ; it

Limits to the U.S. long-term economic growth ( Essay

Limits to the U.S. long-term economic growth ( - Essay Example ic growth in the U.S in that, the modern global economy is depended upon other countries and therefore a financial crisis in one country is reflected in all other countries. Notably, poor governance and corruption has been described by researchers as the greatest vice inhibiting the economic growth in the U.S. Moreover, the decline in population resulting from aging or migration has negatively affected the economic growth. Economic sustainability requires improvements in productivity and innovations therefore, inadequate investment in human capital is a factor limiting the economic growth in the U.S. Studies have also depicted that, US has too many resources that are never exploited fully and therefore they fail to develop as expected (Jorgenson, Fraumeni, & Gollop 2004). The US government should step in with effective strategies that are going to counter the constraints of her economic growth. The future growth in U.S is facing a threat from infrastructure weaknesses within some of its cities, for example, Los Angeles. The government will need to abruptly spend more on infrastructure so as to deal with the consequences of declining economy. In addition, the US government needs to invest in insurance companies so that external shocks will never affect the economy of the country (Jorgenson, Fraumeni, & Gollop 2004). An effective legal framework will be able to curb the corruption and poor governance vice. Therefore, private property protection via legal frameworks will facilitate innovation and development within US. High level skills are required for economic growth. The government should provide incentives and employment opportunities to its professional citizens otherwise, they will migrate to other countries for such priorities (Vatter & Walker 20 06). It is an absolute good idea that the US government’s efforts are required in the promotion of economic growth. This is because of the diverse areas in which the government should play some very critical roles.

Macro & Micro economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Macro & Micro economics - Essay Example Technology-based water pollution-control standard might not be the most economically efficient or cost-effective way to achieve a given level of reduction in water pollution because this approach would require us to spend more. There is associated monetary amount linked to this move, and so the most important initiative that we need to take to ward our way off an insurmountable amount of expenses is to encourage the participation of everyone, because it is here where the necessary general control starts. Just like the initiative employed in Wabash Rivers, the governor recently would want the land conservation initiative, as this has potential viewed impact to preserve important natural resource and habitat (Wabash Rivers Initiative). In this initiative, there is a required participation of the majority to have consensus general impact, which means there is a necessary uniform action that everyone should implement, reducing the other relevant potential costs had it been that not every one is participating. 2. Discuss the different point sources and nonpoint sources for water pollution. Explain why it has been more difficult to reduce the nonpoint sources. Be specific about what types of nonpoint sources are contributors to water pollution. Point source of water pollutions comes from one source such as either a factory or waste water treatment plant, but the nonpoint sources for water pollution come from the accumulation of pollutants from the day-to-day activities of individuals in the society (Point versus Non-Point Source Pollution). A specific type of nonpoint source is from driving a car. This is an activity that goes daily, and it is hard to reduce this one because transportation has become a critical point in the economic development of the society. For example, transportations have become crucial components of the moving transactions from one company to another. Transportation definitely links the trade and commerce industry in order to flourish and obtain the economic advantage they so desire to achieve. People also require transportation in order to complete any related economic activities they have to perform for the day prior to their survival and the achievement of their basic necessities in life. In other words, it is really difficult to eliminate transportation, as a nonpoint pollution source in today’s highly advanced and economically developed society. 3. In the Taking Sides articles, Milton Friedman argued that indeed profits are the only business of business. Explain what that might mean for controlling environmental pollution. Without government regulation, when would you expect firms to engage in activities that help the environment? Give specific examples. Without government regulation, firms will engage in activities that help the environment when things around them could affect their business, as essentially, Milton Friedman has the point of saying that profits are the only business of business. After all, busi nesses substantially exist because they want to achieve profit in the first place. This profitability may be affected when for instance the companies’ productions may be affected by the lack of raw materials that comes from the environment, as eventually the upshot of on-going pollution. A fish canning factory for instance may go bankrupt or may close business when the supply of fresh raw materials from the ocean deteriorates due to prevailing environmental pollution. Here will be the point when that canning factory will adhere to environmental sustainability and initiate moves or strategies linked to their corporate social responsibility, encouraging the society to take part of their goal to preserve the environment where they get their source of raw materials for their production. 4. Compare the

Hospitality Industry Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hospitality Industry Management - Essay Example Brief Overview of Pan Pacific Hotel: The Pan Pacific group has 18 premium hotels and resorts all across the world. For last 35 years this group is providing the best service with luxury and comfort of the highest order. The main aim of this group is to do the best for their stakeholders. The Australian branch of the Pan Pacific Hotel was launched on 6th January, 2011 (Pan Pacific Hotels and Resorts, official webpage, 2013). Promotion of The Pan Pacific Hotel, Perth: The pan pacific hotel group is one of the renowned hotel and hospitality management group of the world. The group itself follows a uniform promotional strategy all across the world in different countries wherever they have their branches. Recently they have open a branch in Pert, Australia and there also there promotion of product and service are following the same pattern like the other parts of the world. The key promotional part of their group is distinctive accommodation with high service standards.The emotional value s of the staffs associated with this group also helped them to serve their customers more efficiently. The smile and heartfelt gesture of their staffs for all the visitors can be treated as personal pride that helps to create moments that can be remembered by the visitors throughout their life. By this the group build their brands and meet the needs of the customer (Every Moments Count, Annual report, 2011, 10). The promotional Strategy is entirely based on creating best memorable hotel experiences for the clients, enriching customer experience, internallsing the brand value of encouraging more involvement of the partners and associate, arranging road shows to build more connections with the customer base all over the country. In the year 2012, the pan pacific hotel group launched a new advertising campaign for its Australian portfolio. Source: http://www.pphg.com/pphg_new_advertising.html on 19-09-2013. The tag line of this advertisement was â€Å"Pan Pacific Hotels and Resorts: E mbrace the Pacific†. With this add promotion , the group promised to provide an enriching experience for the refreshment of their guest. The ‘Pan Pacific Perth - A hotel stay like no other’ tagline was used to ensure unique and uncompromised customer service that no other hospitality management group can provide.(Pan Pacific Hotels Group –Press Release, 2012). Partnership of Pan Pacific Hotel, Parth: Pan Pacific hotel, pert to elaborate their business associated themselves with different social and sports activities in the city of Perth, The hotel associated themselves as the major hospitality partners for the Australia’s richest road race in the Southern Hemisphere. (PR Consloe, 2013). This partnership was in view of the companies brand promise of creating meaningful and enriching experience for its customers, staffs and local people. Recommendation of Improvement of Product Price Promotion and Partnership: Jones (1999), in his writing pointed out t he concept of multi-unit management. According to him, this concept will give a new dimension to this continuously changing and growing hospitality management industry. In his study he pointed out towards the theoretical concept of how does these hospitality chains were functioning over the year, and also suggested a new model related to the multi-level hospitality management which clearly based on six activities namely: integration, location, configuration, organization, implementation and adaptation.

Exploring a work of art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Exploring a work of art - Essay Example Usually, the piece of paper is rolled around the hard cardboard so that it can roll out easily when being used. The long length of paper is segmented using dotted lines to make it easy to tear when in use. The dotted lines are symmetrically placed to ensure a uniform utilization of the paper. Several folds exist at specific lengths from each other. Due the presence of perforation or pores at specific sections of the paper, it can easily be used by people. The hollow part of the cylindrical cardboard is placed on a holder that serves as the pivot when the paper is rolled. During use, it is rolled several times as it revolves about the holder. The toilet paper is usually translucent and only allows minimal intensity if light to pass through it. The hollow cardboard is rough and compact and consists of an interior white color and exterior brown color. The brown color is concealed by the rolls of the toilet paper but once the roll is completely utilized, the brown color is visible. Whereas, the white color is visible via the hollow part, the hollow part is made of hard paper than the one used on toilet paper rolls. The hard brown card does not disintegrate in water. The toilet rolls have a sweet fragrance that oozes out of them to give a feeling of relaxation. The perfume brings a feeling of freshness and the white color a sense of cleanliness. The color is appealing and creates a feeling of confidence. This work of art falls in the category of functional art category. (Lecture notes, AAD 251: Arts and Visual Literacy). Its functionality lies in its usage. People can use the toilet paper in the toilets. This describes its functionality as a work of art. Unlike some works of art that are merely displayed in rooms and buildings, this work of art serves a significant and almost unparalleled role in the toilet. It is also not as delicate as other works of art. Some works of art are brittle and can easily break down. The toilet paper only disintegrates when it

Social Enterprise And Increasing The Overall Well-being Research Paper

Social Enterprise And Increasing The Overall Well-being - Research Paper Example From the point of view of asset management, a social enterprise can increase the overall diversification of the portfolio while at the same time add more ethical trading and investing philosophy into the overall portfolio management also. It is generally believed that portfolio managers may have to only invest in the commercial entities to generate more value for their clients. Overall risk diversification and return strategies are therefore often tailored according to the dynamics of how a for-profit business actually operates and generate more value for the portfolio managers. Non-Profit wealth creation through social enterprise is viable and sustainable activity and can increase the overall well-being of the society while at the same time allowing asset managers to actually diversify their risks and also add more ethical investing and portfolio management orientation to the whole process of asset management. (Field, 2014) This paper will be focusing on understanding the impact of non-profit wealth creation on the overall portfolio risk and return. This paper will further add on to whether the non-profit wealth creation will actually add more ethical orientation to the portfolio management or not. The overall concept and idea of a social enterprise existed for long, however, it has recently gained more momentum with large organizations such as Dannon entering into joint ventures to form social enterprises. A social enterprise’s focus is on the use of commercial strategies and tactics to achieve more value and improvement in the human and environmental well-being. A social enterprise’s main objective, therefore, is not the maximization of the shareholders’ value or wealth but to help improve the environment and the human life.

Frederick Douglass and His Activism Research Paper

Frederick Douglass and His Activism - Research Paper Example At the age of six, he witnessed the cruelty of masters to slaves. Being a black child, the law required him to become a slave just like his mother. Frederick did not have a chance to attend school except for a little guidance from the wife of his master (Schmitt 6). However, this opportunity did not last long. Frederick took every opportunity to learn and his efforts made him a good orator. He used this skill to create a positive impact in society. Frederick spent his life advocating for justice in society. He was a vessel of justice in society. Frederick adopted principles that guided his life and actions (Reed 4). Despite his status as a slave, he believed in himself, and was always confident that one time he shall achieve what he believed. He did not let the determination to change his situation and that of others die. Although slavery shattered his ego and value as a man, he fought tirelessly and eventually rose above this. Contrary to what others could do or did, Frederick start ed the fight against the horrors of slavery when he was still a slave. He opposed the serious whipping that slaves received from their masters. With the little knowledge of formal education that he received from his master’s wife, he opened a school for slave children. ... Because of his skills as an orator, he created an impact among people. However, he could not disclose specific information for fear of recapture back to slavery (10). The abolitionists promoted him to an antislavery agent because of his intriguing speeches on the suffering if slaves. This promotion granted him an opportunity to lobby for end to slavery. He used this opportunity well as he traversed different cities making speeches at different campaigns. Out of faith in himself, he had learnt how to write and in 1845, he released his first autobiography. This autobiography carried the story of plight in a slave home and his experiences as a slave. From the story of his life, he painted a picture of the real sate of a slave in the minds of many. The autobiography, a narrative of his life preached his message everywhere as it sold as far as Britain. However, publishing the narrative increased the risk of recapture back into slavery. Therefore, he left for Europe. Being in a foreign lan d did stop him from delivering speeches advocating for the end of slavery. Having gained experience in lecturing, he continued doing that in Britain, Ireland, and Scotland. The commitment to fight for the freedom of fellow man earned him fame. Advocates in England helped him buy his freedom from slavery. Now a free man, he was determined to do much more to end slavery, which denied human beings basic rights. Frederick returned to United States with a new strategy in his mind. He ventured into journalism for the sole purpose of being the voice of the oppressed in society. He launched the North Star, a paper expressing his views on slavery. In a short time, he wrote different papers supporting his activism in